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War crimes: A human 'subject', seemingly a young Chinese civilian, is subjected to an unknown form of bacteriological test at Unit 731, built to conduct research into germ warfare, weapons capabilities and the limits of the human body
Japan’s 'unit 732' carry out an experienment on a living human being in the 1940's. The unit was essentially a torture squad that was created to test human endurance of pain and extreme conditions. The tests were carried out on humans considered ' inferior' by the officers
The harrowing tale of how Japan carried out a series of horrific human experiments under the guise of 'warfare research' during World War II is told in a new book.
The Japanese scientists also used prisoners to study STDs, forcing prisoners infected with syphilis to have sex with healthy prisoners to study how the virus spread.
Doctors injected prisoners with animal blood or forced them to share cells with diseased inmates to test how infectious the conditions were, historians say.
Female prisoners were systematically raped to force pregnancies, in the name of science.
Sometimes the mother-to-be would then be infected with syphilis or another disease, so the Japanese could study how it may affect the foetus.
A shocking photograph found in archives show a Chinese woman so far along in her pregnancy that the fully-grown baby has turned, ready to be born. She has been cut open from throat to pelvis, the baby exposed in her belly.
Despite knowledge of a large number of babies born at Unit 731, there are no accounts of any survivors - including children.
Some of those at Unit 731 died in experiments testing weapons such as grenades and biological bombs. Others are said to have been buried alive or drowned.
As well as the 3,000 killed at Unit 731, tens of thousands are also thought to have died when the Japanese used what they had learned against their enemies in the war - mainly Chinese civilians.
In addition to releasing plague-infected fleas, the Japanese are known to have planted typhoid fever, cholera and other diseases into the water systems in Chinese villages.
More than 3,000 people - mostly Chinese civilians, but also Russian, British and American POWs - were dissected alive, infected with bubonic plague and used as human guinea-pigs for frost-bite treatments.
Unit 731 was built in 1936 in modern-day Harbin, northeastern China, for the Japanese Imperial Army to conduct research into germ warfare, weapons capabilities and the limits of the human body.
It was a completely covert operation, and during WWII it was at first described as a lumber mill, then a water purification plant, and even today, awareness of Unit 731 in and outside of Japan is low.
Today, its remains, now a museum, echo many of the chilling hallmarks of a former Nazi death camp with its disused railway track and ghostly buildings.
One structure still today contains rows of cages that housed giant rats which Japanese doctors used to produce the bubonic plague.
The horrendous disease was later unleashed on hundreds of thousands of Chinese, by dropping plague-carrying fleas on villages as part of experiments in biochemical warfare.
Photographs from the new book - Unit 731: Laboratory of the Devil, Auschwitz of the East - shows Japanese soldiers taking part in a vivisection - carrying out operations on a live person to study living tissue and organs.
Experiments and dissections on men, women and children were carried out without anaesthetic so that the results would not be influenced by drugs.
Prisoners would be infected with diseases, after which their organs would be removed while still alive so the scientists could study the effects of the disease before decomposition could start.
Limbs would be amputated from prisoners to study blood loss, and documents show that they were often re-attached to opposite sides of the body.
Extensive experiments into frostbite were carried out, as the Japanese tried to find the best cure for the affliction.
Prisoners would be exposed to extreme temperatures in order to develop frostbite, after which the Japanese would study how long it took before gangrene would set in, and how long a human could survive it.
One experiment conducted on young Chinese civilians would see their arms frozen stiff with ice, before being placed into a vat of hot water.
The flesh would then be stripped off the bones - the prisoner still alive.
Despite thousands of victims, the Japanese government denied the existence of the unit until 1998, when the Supreme Court indirectly acknowledged it by ruling there was an academic consensus that Unit 731 existed.
The man largely responsible for the operation of Unit 731, Shirō Ishii, escaped punishment after the war.
Ishii, and several others from Unit 731, were granted immunity by the United States in exchange for full disclosure of the results of their biological warfare experiments.
Ishii died of throat cancer in Tokyo, Japan, in 1959, aged 67.
The Soviet Union did hold trials for eleven of the scientist working at Unit 731 at the end of the war.
They each received between two and 25 years in a Siberian labour camp.
Last month, a group of Japanese scholars announced that they are is set to publish a list of 3,607 members of Unit 731, including 52 surgeons, 49 engineers, 38 nurses and 1,117 combat medics.
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